نشریه اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری
سال سوم شماره 2 (تابستان 1401)

Nowadays, energy consumption in metropolitan areas has created many environmental problems. Accordingly, urban planning to optimize energy consumption should be considered a necessity. This study aimed to evaluate the criteria and sub-criteria of land use planning in the Region 2 of District 8 of Tehran to sustainable urban development and optimization of energy consumption. In this research, analytical research methods, library, and field studies have been used to identify the criteria and sub-criteria and use GIS software to prioritize and evaluate their impact. Modeling the impact of end-use on energy consumption was performed using EnergyPLAN software. The study results showed that the sub-criteria of a diversity of uses, suitable coverage radius of public transportation stations, the optimal density of residential units, and building density of non-residential uses have relatively favorable conditions. Sub-criteria such as active neighborhood centers, pedestrian access to main service uses, a good share of green space, access to public spaces, and public parking in the proximity of transport stations that are currently in poor condition should be improved. Finally, two land-use plans were proposed to improve the current situation. After mixing the proposed land use and the current status, the sub-criteria that did not meet the appropriate conditions in the current status were upgraded. The energy modeling results in the transportation sector showed that energy consumption has decreased from 1.6 TWh to 1.44 TWh per year and carbon dioxide from 850 thousand tons to 760 thousand tons per year.

Building density and methods of its application (traditional and fluid) is currently an essential tool in urban planning to orient the city and the level of satisfaction of people and residents. It can significantly influence the form and shape of the city and, on the other hand, the residents’ satisfaction. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the objective trends and implementation of policies related to determining the fluid density and traditional construction in cities while considering economic prosperity, social justice, cultural needs, and environmental criteria which affect residents’ satisfaction with urban plans. Getting residents’ views on how to implement these criteria and their level of satisfaction can help to understand the challenges and the problems of defining the fluid and traditional building density and the challenges of not paying attention to citizens and their satisfaction with urban plans.

The orientation of this applied and developmental research is the comparative research approach. The research method is mixed-method (qualitative and quantitative) with the survey approach. The study of indicators of fluid and traditional building density and residential compaction satisfaction through documentary studies and the study of residents’ satisfaction with perceptual density have also been done through interview methods and questionnaires. SPSS and Smart PLS software have also been used for confirmatory factor analysis, multiple regression, and Pearson correlation coefficient analyses.

The results showed that in Babolsar city, the building density of the fluid has not been appropriately applied, which has caused the residential density dissatisfaction among the residents. On the other hand, in the city of Ramsar, residential density is high. For Babolsar city, to increase residential satisfaction, general solutions have been presented for the correct implementation of fluid building density (fundamental and technical criteria), and according to the analysis of residential compression satisfaction indicators, strategies, and policies to increase residential compression satisfaction in Babolsar city have been presented. Finally, to apply building densities in each city, according to the method of each density, a spatial volume is drawn, and before its implementation, according to the residential density satisfaction indicators, the city residents are asked. Both basic and technical buildings will be formed. 

Each city has its conditions, and to determine how density better applies to that city and will cause residents’ satisfaction, it should be defined according to the indicators of residential density satisfaction that increase the satisfaction of city residents with building density. In this way, if the method of applying building density, fluid, traditional, or combined density, is chosen for a city, through the technical and basic criteria, the method of building density will be drawn for the city according to the density satisfaction indicators of the residents of that city. This spatial envelope should be asked to consider the method of applying the opinions and the level of residents ‘satisfaction in the final summary of its technical criteria, so that a suitable construction method can be used with the residents’ satisfaction.

Along with population growth and the production of various products, human beings are faced with a large amount of waste that poses a significant risk to human health and the environment regarding materials and constituent elements. It seems necessary to reduce the adverse effects of municipal solid waste in Iran and other developing countries by integrating the knowledge of local experts and modern technologies, including new waste management methods and analysis of multi-criteria decision making to act easier and faster. One of the strengths of using the multi-criteria decision-making method to locate waste landfills is the possibility of using a set of powerful interactive tools to adjust compensability and compensation between criteria, which allows rapid evaluation of relationships between criteria. In addition to the fuzzy prioritization method, the Prometheus method, by providing a variety of preferential functions, provides the opportunity to obtain a more realistic definition of decision criteria. These features were created to show the combination of these two methods to show remarkable ability to solve the problem of evaluation and prioritization. This paper presents method three to assess land suitability to locate municipal waste landfills in Zahedan (including Zahedan and Nusratabad cities).

 In this paper, while identifying the factors affecting the location of landfills in Zahedan (including Zahedan and Nusratabad cities), the influential factors of prioritization and optimal location criteria, taking into account the ecological potential of the region, are determined and weighted and prioritized. Criteria and constraints were assessed using multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods. During the evaluation studies and to measure the capabilities of Zahedan city for urban development uses, first, all the maps were digitized. Then, the map data was transferred to the GIS environment by formatting, and a geographical database also was prepared. After the constraint evaluation stage, using the Network Analysis (ANP) method, weighting and decision making about land units are done. Then, the places identified by the Visual Promethee Academic method are prioritized, and in this regard, the best and most appropriate ones. The highest location was zoned and located for the landfill of Zahedan (Zahedan and Nusratabad cities). To know the effectiveness of each evaluation criteria used in locating the landfill in Zahedan, the sensitivity analysis of the model corrected by the GAIA method has been performed.

 In this article, the most suitable areas in the south and southeast Zahedan county were identified after identifying proper places for waste burial. According to the five classification classes, the region’s highest level is the category without power (99.76%), and the regions with power are about 0.231%. In the area with power, 22 units for Zahedan county and 35 units for Nusrat Abad county were found suitable for waste disposal. To prioritize the identified sites, finally, in the visual software environment, the proposed burial sites were selected by the method (PROMETHEE), one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods (MADM), which aims to rank the options. In Zahedan county, units No. 7, 8, 12, and around Nusratabad county, units No. 28, 27, and 29 have been introduced as the best-proposed areas for waste disposal.

 Zahedan province, with a growth rate of 0.61 percent in 1400, will reach 611374 people in 1420. Consequently, the amount of waste production will also increase. The rate of waste production per person is 613 grams per day. At present, up to 375 tons of waste is produced per day. According to population estimates in 1420 and future lifestyle changes, it is predicted that 2737,500 tons of city waste will be generated in the next 20 years. According to calculations, including the landfill and the required infrastructure space, based on the amount of waste generated in the next 20 years, about 90 hectares of land is needed. On the other hand, according to the results of this study, approximately 7,107 hectares of suitable land with a very high capacity for burying county waste in Zahedan county have been identified, which shows that it will meet the needs of Zahedan citizens even more than 20 years. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the corrected model has been performed to determine the effectiveness of each evaluation criterion in locating the Zahedan landfill.The derivative results of this paper from the GAIA and one-parameter methods show that this paper’s ranking is strong.

New urbanization in Iran began around 1921. Also, the rapid growth of urbanization began after 1953 and after the 28 Mordad coup. According to the first census of Tehran, conducted in 1246 AH, the total population of Tehran was declared to be 155736 people. Furthermore, between 1939 and 1941, according to the one-day census, the population of Tehran was 540087.Following the modernization in Iran during the 1930s, 40s, and 50s,  the city of Tehran gradually became larger, and many immigrants entered it. So, new issues in social, cultural, infrastructure, and management areas arose in the city, and according to Pourahmad et al. (2006), urban issues and problems appeared from the 1960s onwards. Subsequently, numerous research has been done by public and governmental institutions and organizations and individual and interested researchers.Tehran Urban Research has gradually had an institution and structure from the government and the municipality since the early 1970s. AH, and it is the Tehran urban research and planning center, the foundations of which were formed in 1973. After this period, more and more diverse studies were conducted because municipal institutions, universities, research institutes, and research offices of official organizations began to study the various dimensions of Tehran’s urban life.Therefore, after about half a century of activity of Tehran urban research and planning center (and other study institutions in Tehran municipality) and also a century of urban studies in Tehran, the study of these research activities, especially in the social and planning fields, helps to identify the changes during this period.

In this paper, these studies were first collected by referring to documents (reports, books, and research projects) in social studies and urban management and planning in the city and municipality of Tehran. Then, considering the content and structure, the trend of changes in urban studies in Tehran has been studied. The method used was a systematic review.

Changes in urban research in Tehran can be divided into six periods; 1) 1920- 1940s, the period of institutional formation and executive activities in Tehran. 2) The second period includes the 1940s and 1950s. During this period, there were limited urban studies from Tehran, most of them were done by foreign advisors and consultants, and the government was the prominent leader in the studies. 3) The 1960s & 1970s are the period of formation of urban research in Tehran. 4) The fourth period includes the studies of the 1980s. During this period, urban issues and problems such as migration, marginalization, urban problems, transportation, and traffic were still raised. However, the discussion of development plans is more concentrated. The previous three periods are the periods of engineering or technocratic view of the city and urban problems. 5) The fifth period includes the studies of the 1990s. This period is a period of a paradigm shift in urban studies in Tehran. In this decade, attention to people, their participation, satisfaction, and attitudes are discussed, and in the urban planning of Tehran, attention is paid to the people. 6) The sixth period includes the 2000s & 2010s. In this period, we are facing human development and sustainable development.

Changes in urban studies in the last century in Tehran have been significant changes. One of the most important changes is the quantitative change. The number of studies has been increasing steadily since the 1980s, and one of the most important reasons was the formation of a formal institution for research in Tehran in the mid-1970s.However, the most critical change in urban studies in Tehran can be seen in the 1990s due to entering new topics in the urban studies of Tehran with the political atmosphere and developmental attitudes of that period.In the 1950s, 60s, 70s, and even 08s, the main discussion in Tehran urban studies were urban issues and problems, urbanization and the uncontrolled expansion of the city, suburbanization, traffic, and problems arising from them. Moreover, in these decades, priority was given to the issues of construction and physical development.The 1990s should be considered the decade of a paradigm shift towards the people in the urban planning of Tehran. The decade in which people, their participation, satisfaction, and attitudes gradually became important is likely to be the acceptance and legitimacy of local managers.The 2000s and 2010s are also the decades of conceptual and approach change in urban studies in Tehran, and human development and sustainable development are considered.

Our country’s cities and municipalities face numerous social, economic, and environmental problems. According to many experts, the root of an essential part of these problems lies in the inefficiency of the urban planning and management system. The results of various research in recent decades on the institutional, financial, and functional dimensions of urban management in Iran indicate the overlap and interference of responsibilities of state and public organizations, lack of coordination in the provision of municipal services, limited scope and power of local institutions, financial instability, territorial fragmentation, and other problems. Naturally, in response to various institutional, policy, and functional fragmentations, the appropriate solution to increase the integration and coherence in decision-making and action, in the form of “integrated urban management,” has been sought.

In general, two rational and comprehensive strategies can be adopted to deal with functional fragmentation within cities: a) Merger and integration of all active organizations in cities and the establishment of a large and unified organization that has all responsibilities for planning and management; B) Designation of a significant organization (among organizations active in urban planning and management) to coordinate all plans, programs, and activities of organizations involved in urban planning and management based on a plan which is accepted by all of them. The first strategy, which is radical, requires very large organizational consolidations that are not politically feasible and will face many organizational resistances and legal obstacles. In contrast, the second strategy has a higher capacity for implementation because the existing organizational power structure is largely maintained. Only activities centered on a single agreed plan will be monitored by a significant (lead) organization. Suppose this significant and coordinating organization is called the lead organization due to its role in inter-organizational interactions. In that case, the critical question in implementing this strategy is which organization can or must play the leading role of organizations active in the city to achieve integrated urban management. Based on the arguments presented in this article, compared to all existing organizations, the city council, and the municipality have the most appropriateness for the leadership role of organizations active in urban planning and management. For the current research, we reviewed the existing studies and legal documents and conducted in-depth interviews with city and government managers and executives. These sources were used to obtain data and test the analytical model. Our analytical model is based on an ideal type model.

This article, which studied the dimension of functional integration in detail, shows that some fundamental principles in this field need to be emphasized: First, delegating more tasks and functions to the council and the municipality will lead to greater integration of urban management and, as a result, greater efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability. Second, the council and the municipality are the closest management level to the citizens and therefore have more legitimacy and efficiency than other state organizations in providing services. Third, it is evident that due to the centralized and sectoral structure of government in Iran and due to the lack of understanding of mutual interests between the municipality and other service institutions, the possibility of automatic formation of coordinating mechanisms and relevant institutions- based on the strategy of the lead organization or voluntary delegation of functions from state organizations to municipalities- will not be possible. Therefore, the only way to achieve this goal is to convince the central government (cabinet and parliament) to change their attitude and issue political and administrative mandates at the highest level to form this type of inter-organizational coordination mechanism. Fourth, a pilot transition to integrated urban management, either through the transfer of responsibilities to municipalities or through the assumption of the role of the lead organization by the council and the municipality, is better to start with metropolitan municipalities due to the need for high organizational capacity. 

Based on the arguments presented in this article, compared to all existing organizations, the city council, and the municipality have the most appropriateness for the leadership role of organizations active in urban planning and management.

Today, energy is one of the most critical elements of society. With the increase in the world population, energy demand is growing intensely. In this regard, traditional fossil fuel thermal power plants have negative environmental impacts. However, renewable energy systems can produce much cleaner energy using renewable resources. Therefore, countries are transitioning from traditional fossil fuel-based power plants to fully renewable energy systems for a more sustainable world. However, to build an efficient plan for the renewable energy transition, an accurate and comprehensive model is required that can calculate the expected impacts of each strategy to follow. 

EnergyPLAN, an input/output energy system modeling tool with various available components, provides the opportunity to accurately model any energy strategy model. In this study, EnergyPLAN is used to model the energy system of Fars and investigate the potential of the province. Fars is the fourth most populous province in Iran, with an approximate population of 4.8 million. Having 3.26 kWh and 7.21 kWh of minimum and maximum daily solar radiation has made Fars a potential province for solar energy. Also, the annual average wind speed of 5.43 m/s provides opportunities for wind turbine investments. In this study, the energy system of the Fars province in the past, present, and future periods are modeled using EnergyPLAN. For the past modeling, the historical data of energy demands and supplies are used; then, for modeling the current energy systems, the relevant data are gathered and modeled in EnergyPLAN. For future energy system modeling, the realistic data for the Fars province are used in the modeling. Eventually, the environmental impact of these scenarios is compared.
FindingsThe modelings are performed considering the electricity demands and any power plants (for example, thermal power plants, renewable energy systems, and hydropower). Modeling the past scenario indicates that 26.94 MTon CO2 would have been emitted in the past four years. The second scenario is built upon the premise that the prevailing renewable energy systems had been constructed four years ago. The result of this scenario demonstrates a 1.11 MTon less CO2 emission compared to the first scenario. The results of modeling the current energy systems of Fars indicate that existing renewable energy systems in the province are 3% of the total electricity demand. Also, further analysis suggests that in the absence of current renewable energy systems in the province, 280,000 Tons more CO2 will be emitted.For the future scenario, the current data are forecasted for the future, using the previous trend in the growth of demands and supplies. Considering that no new power plants will be built until 2024, the results indicate that the renewable energy fraction will rise to 2.7 % by 2024. However, by using the available data on the construction plans of renewable energy systems until 2024, the results indicate that the renewable energy fraction will reach 14.8 %, and 930,000 Ton less CO2 will be emitted compared to the previous case. 

EnergyPLAN as an accurate energy modeling tool has been used in this study to model the past, current, and future energy flow of Fars province. This has happened by using historical and current data and forecasting future data. The results showed that if the existing renewable energy plants had been built four years sooner, 1.11 MTon less CO2 would have been emitted until now. This demonstrates the role of timing in the construction of renewable energy systems. The result of modeling the current and future energy scenarios indicates that if the current renewable energy systems are built until 2024, 930,000 Ton less CO2 will be emitted. Therefore, considering the province’s high solar and wind potential, it is suggested that more renewable energy systems be built to decrease the CO2 emission cumulatively, and the construction of the traditional power plants should be prohibited. Also, other sources of renewables like biomass and geothermal should be considered in the energy planning to provide a more versatile renewable energy supply to the province. However, the fossil fuel power plants have the advantage of low cost in Iran, making the competition challenging for clean energy sources. Removing the subsidies for fossil fuels can make the competition fairer and provide more opportunities for renewable energy systems to grow in the province.

Despite the remarkable uncertainty in the profitability of start-ups, their future development is highly dependent on financing and investor attraction. This research has been formed in response to the central concern of whether a suitable model for the profitability of start-ups to attract venture capitalists and financing to develop the business and successfully enter the market has been formed. To answer this concern, we studied the dimensions of the components affecting the profitability of start-ups according to the existing theoretical literature. Also, considering the issues raised and the importance of start-ups in attracting investors and financing, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: Question 1: What factors affect the profitability of start-ups? Question 2: To what extent is the profitability of start-ups dependent on the identified factors? This study is the first research to be conducted in Tehran. Its approach tries to cover 66.214% of the variance of the variables affecting the profitability of start-up companies and increase the variance of these variables to influence the factors, identify, evaluate and model the profitability of start-ups. The results of this study can pave the way for start-ups and venture capitalists in the path of financing and raising capital. Also, this research provides valuable and helpful information to relevant executives, investors, and start-ups to promote, grow and develop these companies and also help to develop the urban economy.

This research aims to add to the existing knowledge in the field of profitability of start-up companies. It is descriptive-survey research in terms of exploratory approach and in terms of data collection. It is also cross-sectional and causal in terms of the time domain. Since the level of analysis of this research is at the level of start-up companies, the statistical population of this research includes all companies located in science and technology parks of Tehran, including science and technology parks of Tehran, Universities of Sharif, Tarbiat Modares, and science and culture, campus science and technology park and Azadi Innovation Factory. According to the research analysis unit, more than 250 questionnaires were distributed, of which 168 usable questionnaires were analyzed. Also, the sampling method is done in a quota method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire containing 129 five-choice questions that were based on studies in the existing theoretical literature, 124 questions related to independent variables affecting the profitability of start-ups, and five questions related to the dependent variable of profit were identified and adjusted. Also, the data analysis method of this research includes exploratory factor analysis and multivariate regression.

According to the results of data analysis, in response to the first question of the research, the results of exploratory factor analysis have explained six influential factors “on the profitability of start-up companies”. The first factor includes variables of transparency of financial information, including costs, attention to culture, customer attention, staff training, entrepreneurial team expertise, competent colleagues, appropriate decision making by managers, entrepreneurial team commitment and cooperation, and commitment and expertise of managers. Its constituent elements are named as the strength and quality of the entrepreneurial team. The second factor includes variables of export quality of products, having a competitive advantage, good relationship with the customer, the attractiveness of the idea, having a plan and program, innovation, and having a long-term vision horizon. According to its constituent elements, the second factor is called “competitive advantage”. The third factor includes variables of access to capital, suitable space and place, liquidity, government and community support, and strategic alliance with other companies. According to its constituent elements, the third factor is named “appropriate infrastructure or platform”. The fourth factor includes variables of industry history, necessary stability, the existence of similar and suitable companies, and the existence of a suitable market for products and services, which is named “sustainability” according to its constituent elements. The fifth factor includes variables of analysis and critique of media, financing from secondary markets, and attention to other markets. The fifth factor is named “secondary marketing” according to its constituent elements. The sixth factor includes variables of economic conditions governing society, political conditions, and profitability of the company. The sixth factor is named “economic and political conditions” according to its constituent factors.

The main purpose of this study is to provide a model for the profitability of start-ups in science and technology parks to develop the urban economy because previous studies indicate that in the literature, there is not an integrated model that specifically questions profitability concerning the considerations of these companies. According to the results of data analysis, in response to the first question of the research, the results of exploratory factor analysis have explained six influential factors on the profitability of start-up companies. These factors include the following variables, which according to the specific amount and percentage of variance coverage of each factor are: the first factor: the strength and quality of the entrepreneurial team, the second factor: competitive advantage, the third factor: the appropriate infrastructure or platform, The fourth factor: sustainability, the fifth factor: secondary marketing and the sixth factor: economic and political conditions. Also, based on the results obtained from regression analysis in response to the second question of the research on the impact of factors affecting the profitability of start-ups, factor 4 (sustainability) has the most significant effect on the dependent variable. Factors 3 (appropriate infrastructure or platform), 6 (economic and political conditions), 5 (secondary marketing), 2 (competitive advantage), and 1 (strength and quality of the entrepreneurial team) affect the dependent variable of profit after factor 4, respectively.

Tactical urban planning is mentioned as an emerging movement in urban planning in which citizens’ interventions in the urban space in the form of rapid and low-cost implementation is one of its main features. It is an approach that addresses alternative urban futures based on fundamental democracy and social justice. This approach seeks to realize the active action of citizens in recovering and redesigning small-scale urban spaces and promoting a sense of belonging to urban environments. However, this subject in the internal studies has gotten less precise and in-depth investigation, so the need to develop a theoretical framework for its application in domestic urban planning is felt. It seems that in our country, like many developing countries, decision-making processes in urban areas are usually top-down. Bureaucratic procedures in preparing and implementing programs do not have the necessary flexibility, and people's participation for various reasons is still not fully realized and not enough. In this situation, carrying out or facilitating some urban projects in a tactical way can increase social capital and citizen participation, improve and enhance the quality of urban spaces, and create places in the form of active citizen agency. 

This study seeks to answer the three main questions “What”, “Why”, and “How” about “Tactical Urbanism” and develop a theoretical framework of this approach for its application in urban planning and urban management. In line with research objectives, based on the systematic review method, after searching for sources and selecting optimal research documents in three stages, scientific documents were selected, and the process of content analysis, code extraction, and compilation of themes based on three categories were done. Initial verification was performed on the text of these documents. In the first stage, using the method of "library studies", the subject's background is collected with the help of an online search. In March 2017, in the first phase, 76 articles, dissertations”, and scientific-research notes were downloaded by searching for the keywords “Tactical Urban Design” and “Tactical Urbanism” in Google Scholar search environment. It should be noted that the subject of tactical urban planning, due to its nature, has been reflected more in the form of practical projects. Therefore, a significant part of the textual documents available on this subject are guides or practical reports of implemented projects. After carefully reviewing the titles and summaries of these documents, 23 titles were removed due to insufficient validity, and the texts of the 53 remaining documents in the second stage were re-examined and refined. At this stage, with a quick review of the contents, 39 scientific documents were selected. 

In the category of “What” is tactical urbanism and in the theme of “Similar Concepts”, the codes of “DIY Urbanism” and “Guerrilla Urbanism”, in the category of codes related to the theme of “Characteristics”, the codes of “Low Cost” and “Temporary” and in the category of codes associated with the theme of “Nature”, the code of “Creativity and Innovation” had the most repetition. Content analysis of the category “Why” was summarized in two categories of “Underlying Factors” in the form of 14 codes and seven themes, and also the “Benefits” of this method of urban planning in the form of 25 codes and five themes. In the first category, “long and bureaucratic procedures” and “non-accountability of government institutions”, and in the second category, “realization of citizen participation in decision-making and implementation” had the most repetition. Also, in the category of “how”, the findings of content analysis are organized in the form of the themes of “actors”, “types of applications”, “how to do” and “obstacles and challenges”. Finally, in the framework of this category, the types of tactical urban planning experiences in the form of completed projects have been analyzed. They have been set in 27 instances and eight different thematic categories. In this section, “reuse of lost spaces in the city” and “public art and details of space design” have had the most repetition among the examples.The main issues underlying the expansion of tactical urban planning in the world in our country also have their examples with differences in intensity and quality. Although tactical projects are fast, sometimes temporary, and in the format of low-cost projects, they have led to significant and permanent changes in different cities in many cases. Additionally, benefiting from the active agency experience of citizens in organizing and improving the quality of urban spaces as one of the essential benefits of expanding tactical urban planning experiences emphasizes the importance of following this approach in a planned manner. Given that the actors of this approach in different countries have included a diverse range of urban agents, involving NGOs and socially active groups, especially in urban neighborhoods, accompanying and justifying them concerning the ways to advance tactical projects, their benefits, and giving examples for ideation, is recommended. Although the decision-making and implementation of these projects in many countries are followed from the bottom up, the role of city managers, on the one hand, and academic professionals and experts in the field of urban planning, on the other hand, cannot be ignored. Various examples of tactical urban planning, presented in this study as a regular framework in several specific thematic areas, while emphasizing the contextual view, are applicable in many urban spaces and neighborhoods of our country and can be used to start tactical processes and projects. At the same time, in different neighborhoods and cities, there are undoubtedly indigenous and traditional examples of effective and active agency of citizens, especially in urban neighborhoods, whose revitalization and strengthening can improve the quality of urban spaces and help achieve various benefits of tactical urban planning.

The findings of this study can be used by local managers, urban planners, urban planning stakeholders, and non-governmental organizations to carry out tactical projects by adopting a localization approach and considering socio-cultural contexts and legal potentials.

Addressing the externalities and the provision of public interests as the key challenges of the public domain are the raison d’être of urban planning and have been placed at the center of its practice. Externalities are the side costs and benefits of individual activities that affect the well-being of other individuals and society. Its value is not calculated and compensated to the injured parties and is not captured from the interested parties. The density and proximity of spaces and activities in the city make the production of externalities more likely. It can be argued that the analysis of externalities lies at the heart of urban economics and planning. So far, urban planners and policymakers have adopted various policy tools, such as development control, taxation, and subsidies, to solve this problem.The gap between the goals of development plans and the status quo of cities and the inability of applied tools and methods to control externalities has led planners to explore the possibility of using the other options. Given that externalities have multiple legal, economic, and social (or spatial) dimensions, adopting an interdisciplinary approach is an inevitable choice. Therefore, this article aims to identify causal powers and generative mechanisms of externalities and explain the interaction and role of property rights and urban planning institutions in controlling externalities in the city. 

Based on purpose, this article is basic and explanatory-analytical in nature. To identify the causal powers and generative mechanisms that produce externalities in the city and to explain how these elements interact with each other in this process, critical realist paradigm and retroductive reasoning strategy were selected. In critical realism presented by Bhaskar, reality is constituted by three layers: the empirical, the actual, and the real. Critical realism holds that science is the identification of the deeper real level, including social structures, constructs, and institutions that form the phenomena.After a systematic review of resources related to the research issue, a comprehensive typology of various internalization tools was proposed, and the first conceptual framework was developed. Then using the qualitative content analysis method, texts and documents of formal rules and interviews were analyzed, and eventually, the first conceptual framework was revised.

The first finding of the article is a comprehensive typology of various internalization tools, which results from a systematic literature review related to the research problem (descriptive phase). By using retroductive reasoning, this research tried to go from the empirical layer (examples of externalities) to deeper actual and real layers. Therefore, based on the existing knowledge (literature), a preliminary conceptual framework was developed at first and then modified and finalized after applying the mentioned methods. As the second finding, this conceptual framework (output of analysis phase) identifies the causal powers and generative mechanisms of externalities in the city and explains how property rights and spatial planning institutions interact with each other in this process. Finally, a framework for policies, mechanisms, and tools for internalizing externalities has been introduced as the third finding (prescriptive phase).

The emergence of a new turn in planning theory has been a search for the institutional and legal foundations of spatial planning and an emphasis on the importance and role of institutions in their efficiency and effectiveness. The novelty of this article is in adopting a critical view of the existing approaches to solve the problem of externalities in the city through applying an institutional approach to urban planning. Under the critical realism and retroductive strategy, this article developed a conceptual framework that identifies and explains the allocation of land property rights in the urban spatial planning system as the primary generative mechanism in the control of externalities. This framework shows that the externalities of urban activities and spaces are the empirical layer of reality that institutions and rules of urban planning and property rights constitute its deeper real layer. In fact, the interaction of urban planning and property rules with each other in the process of allocating land property rights in the city is the main mechanism of the physical-activity space production and then externalities. Therefore, planners must put the distribution and allocation of land rights at the center of planning practice, and the emphasis will be placed on applying the property rights approach, which is at the interface between the law and the economics in the urban planning system in Iran.

Good local government is the closest, most realistic, and popular example of good governance, in which the participation of the people is confirmed, the supervision is objective and tangible, and it forms the culture of democracy and good governance at the national level. However, strong local government and solid local democracy are necessary for each other. In our country, limited plans and programs have been considered to achieve proper governance of the city, and one of its components is institutional participation and decentralization. The Islamic Council of Tehran approved the plan of the neighborhood council and its implementation to attract the maximum participation of citizens in the administration of urban affairs. After that, Tehran Municipality implemented the neighborhood management plan to complete and strengthen the neighborhood council association, decentralization, and promote neighborhood-based management. However, after several years of approval and implementation of this plan, there has been no positive feedback in line with governance. In the present study, while identifying the most critical challenges and problems of this project from the perspective of good governance, the essential strategies to improve the performance of neighborhood management are presented.

The approach of this research is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose and is a method of collecting documentary and survey information. The data collection tool was both survey and documentary in such a way that the documentary data were used for conducting background studies and theoretical foundations. Survey data and questionnaire tools were used to obtain the findings and perform the analysis. It should be noted that the questionnaire was closed and in the form of a Likert scale. The study’s statistical population was selected based on purposive non-probabilistic sampling, including 40 councilors and district managers with expertise and experience. Data analysis in this research was done in two stages. In the first stage, the subject was studied,  and the second stage was done through surveys, interviews, and questionnaires, by which the research indicators and its proposed solutions were questioned. In the analysis section, using the SWOT analysis method in terms of importance and weighting of experts in the form of analytical matrices, the performance of neighborhood management is evaluated with emphasis on Tehran city councils, and solutions are presented.

The research findings also indicate that the council of potential neighborhoods is the center of proper communication between citizens and city managers. However, councils have many dysfunctions and have not been able to be as effective as they should be. The survey results show that the neighborhood residents have little knowledge of the council’s activities. Also, the councilors acknowledge the ignorance of the residents about their activities. They believe this is because their position is not properly defined, and on the other hand, they have a weak relationship with the municipal institution. The uniformity of urban management at the neighborhood level is also remarkable. There is no difference between the management of densely populated and sparsely populated neighborhoods in Tehran, while the appointment of neighborhood managers is another shortcoming in this regard. According to the sixth principle of the Iranian constitution, the country’s affairs must be governed by popular vote and through elections. They capture and manage the affairs of the country. Given the existence of local councils in the constitution, it should be said that the duties and powers of the councils are advisory, and councilors do not interfere directly in the affairs of districts and urban areas. In contrast, good local community governance requires people to interfere in matters related to themselves and their community. With participation, firm ground for citizens is provided.

Neighborhood management in the true sense depends on people’s intervention, their participation in the management of neighborhood affairs, and the creation of an intra-local self-government system with the necessary authority and power to bargain, make decisions and oversee local affairs. This perception is in the form of the Einstein model (ladder of citizenship participation), the expansion of citizenship power, which is reflected in decisions related to the distribution of resources. In this view, the goal of neighborhood management is to decentralize power (distribute decision-making power to be closer to the people). Neighborhood management means local community development. This perception is more of the councilors’ view of the issue and is focused on developing the neighborhood and solving its problems in various areas of planning and implementation. Neighborhood management means managing neighborhood services, manifested in the form of neighborhood houses. In this view, the goal is to decentralize the responsibility of distributing and managing services rather than decentralizing power. The goal is also to hand over costly and unnecessary matters in the areas of administration and services to the people, which in no way means increasing their citizenship power. This perception is mainly related to the municipality’s middle managers regarding the neighborhood’s management. However, what currently exists in the municipality of Tehran as neighborhood management which is guided by the concept of organizing social participation in the neighborhoods of Tehran, has more capacity than the concept of “neighborhood service management”(Services to be provided by the municipality in the neighborhoods). The conceptual problem stems from the fact that senior municipal managers have articulated the meaning of local government in a process that is, at its best, the service manager at the neighborhood level. However, studies show that neighborhood management in the current situation, focusing on neighborhood housing, is like “neighborhood service management”.

Increasing the global population requires food security, especially in developing countries. In this regard, greenhouse systems have significantly increased efficiency due to resource constraints and advantages such as the possibility of more than one harvest per year. This issue is vital in arid and low rainfall areas such as Iran. These systems require higher energy consumption than traditional methods due to their greater sensitivity to environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. It is predicted that in the next 50 years, energy shortages and how to supply them will be one of the most fundamental issues and one of the ten most important challenges in the world. As a result, energy supply is considered an essential indicator for the development and progress of industrial greenhouses. On the other hand, urban development includes economic, social, and environmental approaches that must align with sustainable development. Management problems in this process always exist between the urban space, stakeholders, and urban infrastructure. This complexity requires multidimensional approaches and specific quantitative or qualitative methods for analyzing and combining different aspects. In this study, by modeling grid-connected renewable power generation systems in Homer software, an optimal hybrid system has been introduced to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to examining environmental and technical parameters, economic parameters have received much attention in this research. The crop under cultivation in the greenhouse was cucumber; the main reason for choosing it was the significant number of cucumber greenhouses in this city and easy access to the data of the cucumber greenhouses. Of course, the data related to other agricultural products were also generalized, and even regardless of the type of product, each greenhouse can obtain the current net cost of its greenhouse only by estimating its bioelectricity. This can be a good guide for all greenhouses in the same climate with any product. Sensitivity analysis on inflation and interest rates also helps farmers and the government work with full awareness in this area, thus providing the necessary conditions for sustainable urban development.

This research includes studying energy systems in greenhouses located in Robat Karim city. Based on this, the renewable energy sources in the area have been studied and evaluated. According to that, the corresponding components in Homer software have been designed and modeled as connected to the network. Homer software is used to power many items such as buildings, hotels, and villages, by simulating energy consumption and performing economic and technical analysis on hybrid systems. In addition to analyzing economic parameters, it Analyzes and examines environmental parameters and how to generate optimal power.

After examining different scenarios in Homer software, each of which includes two or more primary components, three scenarios have been selected as the top scenario, the optimal scenario including solar panel, wind turbine, and battery. In this scenario, the net present cost is $ 215,626, and the energy cost in this scenario is $ 0.084 kWh. Then the second scenario includes a solar panel, diesel generator, and battery, with a net present cost of $ 238,135 and a cost of energy of $ 0.094 kWh. Finally, the solar panel, wind turbine, and diesel generator scenarios were considered the last, with a net present cost of $ 240,626 and an energy cost of $ 0.094 kWh. The share of the renewable sector in the first to third scenarios is equal to 6.59, 6.47, and 4.59 percent, respectively. As mentioned, the primary purpose of this modeling is to reduce the emission of pollutants, which in the optimal scenario to prevent the emission of 66 tons of carbon dioxide, 18 tons of unburned hydrocarbons, and 200 kg of sulfur dioxide per year. These values are for a greenhouse with an area of 0.2 hectares. Meanwhile, the area under cultivation of greenhouses in Tehran province is about four thousand hectares. If only ten percent of the area of greenhouses in the province uses a combined system, it can prevent 132,000 tons of carbon dioxide. That is equivalent to the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by 6,300 trees.

Tehran province is one of the most strategic parts of Iran in the greenhouse industry. The construction of new greenhouses is considered an urban development, which must be in line with sustainable development to be considered a suitable solution. In this way, renewable energy is considered an inevitable action. The inexhaustibility and non-production of pollutants are two crucial factors for the global acceptance of the use of renewable energy. In this research, an attempt has been made to model an optimal system by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, by modeling renewable power generation systems connected to the grid in Homer software. Furthermore, to consider the project’s future possibilities, inflation and interest rates have been examined using the sensitivity analysis of Homer software. The investigation’s most significant findings include the following: • The best scenario includes a solar panel, wind turbine, and battery with a net present cost of $ 215,626 and an energy cost of $ 0.084 kWh. By providing subsidies and guaranteeing the purchase of renewable electricity, the government can encourage the use of hybrid systems and the grid connection, thereby providing part of the goal of reducing emissions. Solar and wind energy are the most suitable renewable sources due to easy access throughout the country, which play an influential role in reducing energy costs. • Using a hybrid system of solar panels, wind turbines, and batteries in grid mode can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 61درصد. In this way, we can take action to combat climate change for sustainable development and commitment to international treaties. • It is possible to increase the share of the renewable sector by increasing the capacity of solar panels, allocating more space, and in some cases, even supplying greenhouse energy without connection to the grid. Of course, it is recommended to use a network-connected system as much as possible to reduce costs. Finally, according to the studies conducted and the problems facing the use of renewable resources, it is recommended to create a significant change in the agricultural industry and control the emission of greenhouse gases in the country. Maximum government support should be provided through loans and facilities, appropriate policy-making, raising farmers’ awareness, encouraging the private sector.

The historical area of old bazaar in Qom includes the principal and subsidiary passages, activity centers such as old bazaar and old square, and historical-religious places such as Jāme’ Mosque, JahangirKhan school, the old square mosque, and minaret (figure 1). This area is a historical complex including different periods of urban development, spatial diversity and attractions which makes it one of the most valuable urban areas in Qom. The old bazaar is one of the critical urban elements in terms of use, function, and access. The main activity of the bazaar carpentry and traditional carpet dyeing. This bazaar is located on two sides of the historic city main core (Labchal neighborhood and Arabestan neighborhood), and its antiquity dates back to the Safavid period. The integrated and cohesive texture of bazaar urban area has undergone heavy changes during recent urban interventions, including several periods of street constructions in which the old bazaar was the most damaged. A part of the Qom ancient bazaar was demolished after the construction of Azar street in 1937, and the passageway of the bazaar became separated between old bazaar and new bazaar(figure 1). The newly established street led to the religious center of the city (the holy shrine of Masoumeh), where the new bazaar was maintained due to its proximity to this center, but the old bazaar was on the path of decline and isolation. In 1993, another axis called Amaryasar Boulevard was established perpendicular to Azar Street, and its extension in 1997 destroyed a complex related to bazaar (Bazazha Caravanserai-figure 2). These changes caused severe damage to the body of this historic urban area and created new challenges. The construction of intersecting streets and the formation of the main traffic on this axis have moved the shopping centers in the old bazaar and surrounding neighborhoods to the main street. Over time, the old bazaar has lost half of its uses. Therefore, the main route of the historic city damaged physically and faced a powerful competitor called street. The street economically and structurally with the old bazaar, while a limited number of small activities to meet the needs of neighborhood residents remain in the old bazaar, and the ancient bazaar has structurally declined to the function of  connecting the passages of the historical texture. These issues have made the old bazaar urban area in need of protection actions and rehabilitation programs. This article aims to define and compile a framework and strategies for rehabilitation of the urban area of the old bazaar in Qom based on the components of urban protection using the SWOT model. The proposed revitalization strategies are focused on the bazaar and its surrounding urban texture, including the Old Square and Taleghani Street. This article recognizes the situation of old bazaar and its potential for reviving and protecting physical integrity by examining the function of the old bazaar. Then by studying the Washington Charter and its components -related to the protection of historic urban areas- the damages and challenges of the old bazaar urban area are examined, and the rehabilitation strategies are presented in each section separately by using the SWOT technique. 

Materials and methods 

The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical. This way, the necessary information has been extracted and categorized using library studies, reviewing aerial maps of the area, and analyzing the Washington Charter about the historic city. Additionally, the problems and challenges of the old bazaar area have been studied and identified by conducting field studies, preparing maps of the current situation of the old bazaar, and talking to knowledgeable people and bazaar shopkeepers. Finally, the SWOT technique was used to achieve a practical solution. The revitalization program will be presented after measuring and analyzing the mentioned cases. 

The old bazaar has a strategic location due to its proximity to the old square, Jāme’ Mosque, and being surrounded by the city’s old residential area. The old bazaar complex belongs to the Safavid period and was registered as a cultural heritage in 1997 with the number 1937 [24]. The economic prosperity of Qom Bazaar has been due to two reasons: First, the city was located in the center of communication routes north-south and east-west of Iran. Secondly, the formation of a bazaar adjacent to the old square in the central part of the city was connecting the communication paths of the neighborhoods. Today, communication routes do not have the former function, and the regional role of the bazaar area has been reduced to neighborhood urban activities role. On the other side, the Qom Bazaar integrated form had become two separate orders (old and new) by constructing the street in the Pahlavi period in 1937, and part of the bazaar was destroyed (Figure 1). In 1997, the Amaryasar axis was formed perpendicular to Taleghani Street and destroyed the Bazazah caravanserai affiliated with the old bazaar. 

This study aims to develop strategies to revitalize the urban area of the old bazaar in Qom based on urban protection frameworks. To achieve this goal, the old bazaar and its surrounding urban elements, including the old square as a crucial element of the historical city in the past and the street as a main traffic axis in today’s city were evaluated. Studies show that the Qom bazaar had an important position in the core of the historical area and was considered as the economic center of the historic city. However, the construction of Azar Street in 1937 changed the historical pattern of the city, and the city based on the street replaced the bazaar-based city. Since then, the street has taken the role of a commercial center, and the position of the bazaar in the city has been declining. This article provides a clear picture of the current situation of the area. It examines challenges relying on the Charter of Historic Urban Areas (Washington) and its components, including access, function, and physical-spatial structure. Also, this article assesses the urban area of the old bazaar to de-fine strategies for revitalizing this area by studying three important and influential districts, including the bazaar, the street, and the square. Improving the bazaar’s position requires reviving its affiliated complexes such as the Mullah Hossein Caravanserai, returning commercial activities to the bazaar, and redefining the connection between the bazaar and the street. Also, physical protection of the bazaar is necessary. The old bazaar’s role in urban life will be lost entirely if this process is postponed. Another strategy in this field is to organize the blank spaces around the bazaar by creating a non-commercial use, which improves the historical context’s poor condition and helps strengthen the connection between the street and the bazaar. It is also necessary to determine other strategies for the street and the square to define proper relationship with the bazaar. In this regard, we can help revive the historical context by reducing the commercial and accessibility role of the street and redefining the role of the street. It is also possible to strengthen residential use and bazaar access routes by improving historical passages. Other ways to revive this historical area are to strengthen the connection between the square and the bazaar, return the square to its authentic position, organize the bazaar structurally and functionally, and organize the Ghiasieh School. Prioritization of strategies for revitalizing the urban area of the old bazaar shows that the main and most important actions must first be taken to organize and protect the crucial elements of the historic city, including the Old Bazaar, Mullah Hossein Caravanserai, Old Square and Ghiasieh School, which will pave the way for further actions, and until this is done, other revitalization strategies in this area will not be able to play their role properly.

In the past decades, development strategies have transformed. By way of explanation, what is known as a comparative advantage has been diminished, in reverse dynamic comparative and competitive advantages, and in the last decade, collaborative advantage has risen. At the micro-level, the collaborative advantage can reduce risk by enhancing productivity-improving profit performance, and competitive advantages, decreasing the cost of transportation and sharing access to complementary resources over time. At the regional level, it invokes cooperative infrastructure investment by joining cities’ different resources and advantages. This advantage has been raised because of its significance in the supply and value chains. Collaborative benefits of the supply chain are accomplished relative to competitors by using participation processes to empower participants to build knowledge. Meanwhile, collaborative advantages can create a synergy that the independent action of the participants never achieves such advantages. Economic synergy has entered the development debate and has become the agenda of strategists concerning economic activities, including micro-level(firm), middle-level (network, intra-regional relations), and macro-level(national).

The methodology of this research is mixed. The analysis method in the qualitative section includes a content analysis of cultural, social, and economic development programs and industrial development plans. Accordingly, industries that emphasize upcoming documents in the Tehran metropolitan region from a spatial-economic synergistic index perspective are evaluated. Additionally, approaches and policies in these plans are appraised. In the quantitative section of the methodology, we identified the industries with the most significant potential for creating economic synergy. Then, research indicators were extracted based on the background and theoretical foundations. Furthermore, the input-output table was used to analyze intra-industry relations. Finally, this research proposes a spatial structure and institutional framework for improving and supporting economic activities in the Tehran metropolitan region.

Industry development in Tehran metropolitan region has been impacted by the independent economic policy, the dominance of neoclassical economic thinking, and the import substitution industrialization approaches. So, cooperative advantages have been neglected for decades. Based on statistics from the Ministry of Mining Industry and Trade (MMIT)Share of the number of firms is about 26درصد, and 36درصد is the share of employment. Also, 200 firms add to the region on average annually. Despite these potentials, the amount of value-added produced by the region has a downward trend and has reached 25 percent. The most important factors, such as production capacity development with little regard for extra-regional relations and similarity of production capacity expansion, probably led to a decrease in value-added and share of GDP in the region. Therefore, this situation is direct to work similarity, destructive competitive process and finally many industries have faced issues as a result. Establishing 17 towns and industrial areas and investigating good flows among these indicate the weak functions of economic nodes in the field of location and expanding synergistic relationships. Furthermore, an investigation of industrial development policy-making trends shows that supporting all of the industry and neglecting product life cycle has played a critical role in this way. Significantly, the comprehensive supporting policy led to a lack of competitiveness in the long term. Moreover, the lack of appropriate cognation of global markets prevents the identification of strategic industries, so productions of the industry have lost competitiveness and consumer markets due to the increased production costs and reduced quality of them. The branding process for the industry has never been taken seriously. Meanwhile, an influential economic factor of intra-region has been indistinct for the expansion of the industry. In other words, approaches that are known in the literature as offset should be based on an expansion of industries in the region. 

The research results indicate that though the expansion of some crucial industries in plans has been neglected, a major focus on developing 11 industries has been increased. Some industries like printing and publishing leather and its products and medical instruments have been overlooked in these plans. Additionally, the strategic plan of the Ministry of Industry and Mine is not able to establish key industries due to considering some limited indicators alone. Therefore, this research offers spatial economic concepts as an essential factor that can effectively impact economic development. The investigation of the industry situation in terms of Enterprises number and employment rate shows that a substantial number of firms are classified into three categories, including small and mid-size enterprises. Thus, economic development strategy needs to be towards creating synergy among industries. Finally, If the industries’ enterprises have been developed as clustering, it would generate synergy through value chain formation.

IntroductionConsidering the speed of information and communication without borders, which is the theoretical basis of the city of the communication age, the approach of smart city is a response in line with the tone of changes and demands of the time and is used as a tool to achieve sustainable development in all dimensions and all times Placed. The application of smart city concept is unavoidable in all societies due to the complexity and breadth of today’s city problems. It makes it possible to perform many processes of urban life in cyberspace or the field of information and communication technology in the recent age. This means fast and relatively free access to an infinite space of data and information and has created challenges in different societies, including Muslim societies (due to the different nature of philosophical and doctrinal foundations) in terms of ethics, principles, values, and lifestyle. The issue of data security and privacy, which has become a common issue in all societies, is another challenge of this approach. There are many attempts to establish the correct method of assessing and recognizing the potential for danger in the face of new ideas in the world,. Still, a good way is to match the relevant issues with a higher standard and evaluate the issue with a more reliable source of theoretical and empirical reason. Every society needs to localize smart city concept with the help of its accepted tools and criteria to synchronize the basic principles of this approach and understand how to implement and control it. In the religion of Islam, the central teachings that can be used in this regard include beliefs, ethics, and jurisprudence.Materials and MethodsIn Islamic thought, jurisprudential rules have a wide range of individual and social life of Muslims. These rules provide do’s and don’ts for different dimensions and areas of Muslim life that attention and adherence to them can be effective in one’s well-being. Smart city issues and approaches can also be assessed in this context to minimize challenges such as the possibility of imposing a foreign culture, changing lifestyles, reducing effective social interactions, shaking the family foundation, isolation and depression, adverse effects on local and micro-economies, and many such issues that researchers have considered. This research aims to study the smart city from the jurisprudential point of view and extract the relevant do’s and don’ts to provide the best and most effective application of this approach in Islamic cities. This research is done by the research method of content analysis of texts and logical reasoning with a qualitative and interdisciplinary approach. FindingsThe sources used are documents and library resources in the field of smart city and jurisprudential issues and rules, and religious sources have also been used in this regard. First, the principles of the smart city and its criteria and then the rules of Islamic jurisprudence were studied. In this regard, 12 jurisprudential rules related to the principles and components of the smart city have been identified: The rules of authenticity, legitimacy, combining expediency (essential), denying the mustache, denying extravagance and luxury, no harm,  no wasting, the causation, domination, negation of hardship and governing. Another issue studied in this research is the relationship between the smart city and related jurisprudential rules with observing the four rights (the right of God, soul, others, and nature). ConclusionThe results show that the rights of God, the rights of the soul, the rights of other human beings, and the rights of nature must be observed in all real and virtual aspects of the city, and smart tools can be helpful in this direction. The most critical jurisprudential rules of La Zarar, Zaman, Nafye-Sabil, Heliiat, and Maslahat are the jurisprudential rules that have important do’s and don’ts to observe rights from the perspective of Islam. Also, in analyzing the relationship between these rules with the dimensions of the smart city (Smart transportation, smart economy, smart community, smart living, smart environment, and smart governance), the rules of La Zarar, Zaman, Nafye-Sabil, the conflict of expediency, Heliiat and Maslahat are related to more dimensions and have examples of many different aspects of the smart city. Finally, with this study, it can be said that if the principles of the smart city are coordinated with the topics of Islamic jurisprudence, the security capability and trust in this innovation will increase, and we will see a more favorable performance from it.